Nếu bạn cảm thấy khó khăn khi nhìn gần, nhưng lại nhìn thấy rõ những vật ở xa thì chính xác bạn đang mắc tật khúc xạ “viễn thị”. Vậy “viễn thị” là gì? Có tác hại như thế nào? Cách khắc phục và điều trị ra sao? Hãy đi tìm câu trả lời cùng ATOPTIC qua bài biết dưới đây nhé !
I. Tổng quan về viễn thị
1. Khái niệm
– Viễn thị (Hyperopia, Hypermetropia, Farsightedness) là một tật khúc xạ mắt phổ biến như cận thị, loạn thị. Những người bị “viễn thị” có thể nhìn thấy những vật ở xa rất tốt, nhưng gặp khó khăn khi tập trung vào những vật ở gần.
– Viễn thị là tình trạng khúc xạ của mắt xảy ra sự sai lệch khiến khi mắt ở trong trạng thái nghỉ ngơi, các tia sáng tới song song vào mắt sẽ hội tụ ở phía sau võng mạc. Muốn thấy rõ, mắt phải điều tiết để đưa ảnh từ sau về đúng trên võng mạc.
*) Ngoài ra, không chỉ người lớn mới mắc tật viễn thị, mà kể cả trẻ nhỏ cũng có thể mắc phải do nhiều yếu tố, cụ thể là di truyền. Trong đó, một số trẻ có khả năng hết viễn thị khi lớn, số khác bệnh có thể tiến triển, cần điều chỉnh bằng kính.
2. Triệu chứng của viễn thị
Người bệnh có thể dễ dàng nhận biết được tình trạng này khi đọc sách báo, xem điện thoại. Thông thường, với những người có đôi mắt khỏe mạnh thì đều có thể đọc rõ chữ ở sách, báo khi nằm trong tầm mắt khoảng 20 – 30cm. Đối với người bị viễn thị, thì việc đọc sách, báo phải để cách mắt xa tới khoảng 60cm mới có thể nhìn rõ được.
– Các triệu chứng cụ thể:
- Nhìn rõ các vật ở xa tốt hơn các vật ở trong cự ly gần
- Phải nheo mắt hoặc cảm thấy mệt mỏi khi làm việc ở khoảng cách gần
- Nhức đầu, đau thái dương
- Đau mắt, mỏi mắt
- Lo âu, mệt mỏi
– Với những trường hợp nặng hơn sẽ có triệu chứng: mờ mắt – gây khó khăn cho quá trình làm việc, sinh hoạt; mắt nhạy cảm với ánh sáng mạnh; xuất hiện những quầng sáng hoặc các đốm đen trong tầm nhìn.
3. Nguyên nhân của viễn thị
Giác mạc dẹt quá hoặc trục trước – sau của nhãn cầu quá ngắn khiến cho hình ảnh không hội tụ ở đúng võng mạc như mắt bình thường, mà lại hội tụ ở phía sau võng mạc là nguyên nhân dẫn đến viễn thị.
– Có 3 nguyên nhân chính gây nên viễn thị:
- Do bẩm sinh có nhãn cầu ngắn hoặc giác mạc không đủ độ cong
- Do không giữ đúng khoảng cách nhìn khi học tập và làm việc hằng ngày, thường xuyên nhìn xa khiến thể thủy tinh luôn dãn, lâu dần mất tính đàn hồi, mất khả năng phồng lên.
- Do người già thể thủy tinh đã bị lão hóa mất tính đàn hồi không phồng lên được.
- Do bệnh võng mạc hoặc khối u mắt: hiếm gặp.
– Bên cạnh đó, cũng có một số các yếu tố khác làm tăng nguy cơ mắt viễn thị có thể kể đến như:
- Những người bị mắc các chứng bệnh như tiểu đường, tim mạch.
- Do bị tác dụng phụ của các loại thuốc như: thuốc lợi tiểu, thuốc chống trầm cảm, thuốc kháng histamin…
II. Cách khắc phục và điểu trị viễn thị
1. Ở trẻ em:
Mắt của trẻ em lúc này khá linh hoạt và tật này sẽ được cải thiện dần theo thời gian mà không cần điều trị. Trẻ cần được khuyến khích các hoạt động liên quan đến thị giác như vẽ tranh, tô màu, đọc truyện…nhằm làm tăng độ khúc xạ của thể thủy tinh dẫn đến giảm độ viễn thị (cận thị hóa viễn thị).
2. Ở người lớn:
2.1. Đeo kính
Biện pháp đơn giản, ít tốn kém nhất để khắc phục đó chính là sử dụng kính (kính gọng, kính sáp tròng mềm). Kính sẽ có tác dụng giúp điểm hội tụ của các tia sáng đi vào mắt rơi đúng vào võng mạc, từ đó cải thiện được thị lực của người bệnh. ( Tròng kính người viễn thị sử dụng thường bắt đầu bằng dấu cộng, ví dụ: +3.00 )
Bạn có thể mang kính có gọng hoặc kính áp tròng liên tục hoặc chỉ khi đọc sách, làm việc với máy tính hoặc làm những việc khác ở khoảng cách gần.
Việc đeo kính phải đi kèm với chế độ luyện tập mắt tích cực để làm giảm độ viễn thị. Bạn cần được theo dõi ít nhất 6 tháng 1 lần để điều chỉnh kính cho phù hợp với sự tiến triển của viễn thị.
Lưu ý: khi chọn kính viễn thị, bạn nên chọn tròng kính có độ chiết suất cao. Đặc biệt là với người bị tật viễn thị nặng, vì những tròng kính có chiết xuất cao thường mỏng, nhẹ và gọn hơn so với các tròng kính thông thường. Giúp giảm tình trạng lồi mắt thường gặp ở người mang kính.
=> Nhược điểm: ngoài những ưu điểm trên, thì còn những hạn chế khi đeo kính như: đeo kính gọng sẽ khó tham gia được những hoạt động thể thao mạnh,…: mang kính áp tròng thì dễ gây dị ứng, nhiễm trùng cho mắt nhạy cảm nếu không được vệ sinh đúng cách.
2.2. ORTHO-K
Ngoài việc đeo kính gọng để cải thiện thị lực, các chuyên gia còn đưa ra lời khuyên nên sử dụng Ortho-K ( kính áp tròng cứng ). Đây là phương pháp điều trị tật khúc xạ bằng kính áp cứng vào ban đêm khi ngủ (thời gian đeo trung bình là từ 6 – 8 giờ mỗi đêm) nhằm giúp điều chỉnh tạm thời hình dạng giác mạc, làm giảm và khử độ viễn thị. Nhờ thế mà ban ngày, thị lực của bạn sẽ được cải thiện và sẽ hạn chế được sự phụ thuộc vào kính gọng, kính áp tròng mềm.
2.3. Phẫu thuật
– Phẫu thuật khúc xạ như “LASIK” hoặc phương pháp “tạo hình giác mạc” với sóng vô tuyến (CK), là một lựa chọn khác giúp điều chỉnh tật viễn thị, giúp giảm hoặc thậm chí là loại bỏ hoàn toàn việc đeo kính điều chỉnh.
– Tuy nhiên, phương pháp này không an toàn như đeo kính vì có thể xảy ra một số biến chứng như:
- Tầm nhìn bị điều chỉnh quá mức
- Nhìn thấy quầng sáng xung quanh đèn
- Nhiễm trùng
- Khô mắt
2.4. Chế độ sinh hoạt hợp lí
– Người mắc tật khúc xạ “viễn thị” cần có chế độ sinh hoạt chuẩn khoa học:
- Ăn uống điều độ, đầy đủ chất dinh dưỡng
- Thường xuyên tập luyện các bài thể dục nhẹ nhàng cho mắt
- Làm việc trong môi trường đầy đủ ánh ánh
- Cho mắt nghỉ ngơi sau thời gian dài làm việc
– Với hiểu biết của mình, qua bài viết trên mong rằng mọi người có thể hiểu thêm về “viễn thị”, từ đó nắm được cách khắc phục và điều trị bệnh một cách hiệu quả, để có một đôi mắt sáng và khỏe vì “đôi mắt là cửa sổ tâm hồn” ^^
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